Personal Information Use and Identity Theft

Personal Information Use and Identity Theft Identity theft is the use of another person’s identifying facts to perpetrate a fraud. According to Saunders and Zucker (1999), some of the economic crimes perpetrated are opening bank account, leasing cars or apartments, applying for bank or departmental store cards and obtaining credit. Reported Fraud increased from 12,000 in 1992 to more than 500,000 in 1999 due to increased use of internet data base (Saunders Zucker, 1999).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Personal Information Use and Identity Theft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Identification information is made available to an organization as a means of authentication. Banks and other financial institutions use mother’s maiden name, phone number, driving license or social security number to authenticate an individual. Perpetuators of Identity theft access these facts by pick pocketing, obtaining temporary employment in banks, collectin g mails or collecting wastes containing the information from thrash bins (Saunders Zucker, 1999). Before 1998, laws which were available did not address the problem of identity theft adequately (Saunders Zucker, 1999). Some legislation regulated collection and use of personal information by organizations while others like Truth-in-Lending Act of 1968 required sellers to disclose their credit to debtors. Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act was introduced in 1997. It was passed and signed into law in 1998. The act recognizes private citizens as victims of identity theft and criminalizes the act. The first objective of the act has not been achieved. This is because people involved are not always traced, found guilty due to poor evidence or do not have substantial income or assets to compensate their victims. Secondly, sentencing commission is allowed to enact harsh penalties based on the level of involvement by perpetrator, amount of loss and composition of the commission.Ad vertising Looking for research paper on intellectual property? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, the Federal Trade commission is mandated to educate the public, receive and document reports, coordinate complaints from consumers and establish procedures for public to file complains (Saunders Zucker, 1999). Lane and Sui Lane and Sui (2010) conducted a study which examined identity theft from a geospatial perspective. The study provided a national scale analysis of identity theft patterns in the United States between 2002 and 2006. Results showed presence of regional trends across the United States. They found out that cyber crimes can change traditional crime spatial barriers. They used data from the Federal Trade Commission and demographic data from the United States Census Bureau. GIS mapping and spatial statistics analysis showed that results were consistent with media reports on the geography of identity th eft. Highest per capita rates were recorded in southwestern states. The central States and upper New England recorded the lowest per capita rates. Areas with high Hispanic populations had higher demographic correlations (Lane and Sui, 2010). Credit card identity theft showed similar trend to those of overall identity theft. Lane and Sui (2010) found out that government and employment related identity thefts were concentrated in southern states. Credit card and bank related identity thefts were concentrated in western states. Overall value of Identity theft per capita was higher in western states in 2002. It had expanded to more states by the year 2006. Government related identity theft shifted gradually from western states to eastern states form 2002 to 2006. Results of the study adhered to historic patterns of traditional larceny. Although, larceny is considered as traditional crime and identity crime is considered as a white collar crime, they both involve stealing valuables throu gh non-violent methods.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Personal Information Use and Identity Theft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Crime is a product of culture. This is why, there are different values of per capita in non-city areas. The form of government documentation and benefits of fraud have contributed to the increase in identity theft (Lane and Sui, 2010). McCarthy Honey pot intruders used Internet Relay Chat to communicate with friends in the past. This was observed by Honey pot operators. Through the observations, operators knew when an intruder wanted to attack. Intruders used automated tools to access information about a group called black hats (McCarthy, 2003). Since Honey pot was not instrumental in data capture, intruders could be observed through packet capture network tariff. After entering Honey pot, the intruders downloaded a collection of tools called Cywing from cywing.com. They used the tools to conceal their identities and continue communicating using Internet Relay Chat. After monitoring IRC tariffs for sometimes, Honey pot operators realized that credit card information was being shared. Communication was taking place between a software and a human being. In 2003, DALnet banned listing channels because of shared information. Owners of such fraudulent websites used stolen credit card information to pay service providers. They also applied some tactics after their fraud was discovered. They were sometimes taken offline forcing them to relocate. Researchers downloaded and studied the â€Å"bot† used from one site. It contained a Trojan Horse which attempted to compromise computer and install remote program to be used for control. Human to human communication was also observed (McCarthy, 2003). They made announcements online. It was also noticed that not all credit cards information came from computers.Advertising Looking for research paper on intellectual property? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Channels conveyed messages to carders working at banks, hotels and restaurants who sell credit cards. People purchased such information with as little as $10. Communities inhibiting IRC and other websites do not portray themselves as criminals (McCarthy, 2003). Lane, Gina W., and Daniel, Z. Sui. â€Å"Geographies of identity theft in the U.S.: understanding spatial and demographic patterns in 2002–2006.† GeoJournal (2010): Web. McCarthy, Bill. Automated Identity theft. Azusa Pacific University, 2003. Web. Saunders, Kurt M., and Bruce Zucker. â€Å"Countering Identity Fraud in the Information Age: The identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act.† International Review of Law Computers 13.2 (1999): 183-193. Print.

Definition and Examples of Elenchus in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Elenchus in Rhetoric In a dialogue,  elenchus is  the Socratic method of questioning someone to test the cogency, consistency, and credibility of what he or she has said. Plural: elenchi. Adjective: elentic. Also known as the Socratic elenchus, Socratic method,  or elenctic method. The aim of the elenchus, says Richard Robinson, is to wake men out of their dogmatic slumbers into genuine intellectual curiosity (Platos Earlier Dialectic, 1966).For an example of  Socrates use of elenchus, see the excerpt from Gorgias (a  dialogue  written by  Plato  around 380 BC) at the entry for Socratic Dialogue. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: DialecticSocratic DialogueAporiaArgument  and ArgumentationDiaphoresisDissoi LogoiProofRefutation EtymologyFrom the Greek, to refute, examine critically Examples and Observations Socrates famous method of refutationthe elenchustended to induce the experience of emptiness in others: an interlocutor would begin thinking he knew what justice or courage or piety is, and in the course of the conversation would be reduced to confusion and self-contradiction. For his own part, Socrates was the ancient Hellenic version of the Cheshire cat, fading away into his own smile. . . . In short, Socrates had an uncanny gift for bringing others to the brink of anxiety.(Jonathan Lear, The Examined Life. The New York Times, October 25, 1998)A Model of the ElenchusThe elenchus is often used in describing the Socratic dialectical method. This model in its simplest form can be sketched as follows: Socrates lets one of his interlocutors pose a definition of x, after which Socrates will interrogate the interlocutor up to the point where the latter has to admit this definition was, indeed, wrong and that he does not know what x is. This model of the elenchus can indeed be found in som e dialoguesI think especially in the early dialogues.(Gerard Kuperus, Traveling With Socrates: Dialectic in the Phaedo and Protagoras. Philosophy in Dialogue: Platos Many Devices, ed. by Gary Alan Scott. Northwestern University Press, 2007) Multiple MeaningsVarious terms are used in [Platos] dialogues in connection with Socrates manner of inquiring and interrogating, but none of them is used consistently by Plato in any precise or technical way that would legitimize it as Platos label for the philosophers approach. . . .Still, in the last 30 or 40 years, it has become rather standard for commentators to use the term Socratic elenchus as a label for Socrates way of philosophizing in the dialogues. . . .It is fundamentally unclear whether the elenchus is supposed to refer to a process (in which case it could mean to cross-examine, to put to the test, to put to the proof, or to indicate) or a result (in which case it could mean to shame, to refute, or to prove). In short, there is no general agreement about the elenchus, and therefore no consensus either about its employment in the dialogues.(Gary Alan Scott, Introduction to Does Socrates Have a Method?: Rethinking the Elenchus in Platos Dialogues. Penn State, 2004) A Negative MethodSocrates is considered one of the founding fathers of Western philosophy but, problematically for scholars, his thought is preserved only through the accounts of his students, most notably in Platos dialogues.His most significant contribution to Western thought is the Socratic method of debate or Method of Elenchus, a dialectical method of questioning, testing and ultimately improving a hypothesis. Through asking a series of questions, the method sought to show contradictions in the beliefs of those who posed them ​and systematically move towards a hypothesis-free from contradiction. As such, it is a negative method, in that it seeks to identify and demarcate that which a person does not know, rather than which he does. Socrates applied this to the testing of moral concepts, such as justice. Plato produced 13 volumes of Socratic Dialogues, in which Socrates would question a prominent Athenian on moral and philosophical issues. So often cast as the questioner, it is hard to establish any of Socrates own philosophical beliefs. He said his wisdom was an awareness of his own ignorance, and his statement, I know that I know nothing is often quoted.(Arifa Akbar, Arrogance of Socrates Made a Compelling Case for His Death. The Independent [UK], June 8, 2009) Alternate Spellings: elenchos